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PHYLOGENY/TAXONOMY
 
 
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Genus
Eremobates Banks 1900
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Female
Eremobates sp., palpisetulosus group from California, USA.
Photo by Warren Savary. |
Genus Eremobates
Banks 1900
Datames
►Simon, 1879a: 133-135; Simon, 1879c: 78 [junior homonym of Datames
Stål, 1875 (Insecta: Orthoptera)].
Eremobates ►Banks 1900: 426; ►Kraepelin 1901a: 117; ►Pocock 1902: 59;
Comstock 1913: 36; Pratt 1927: 408; ►Roewer 1934: 555, 556, fig. 320 a, h; Pratt 1935: 477;
►Muma 1951: 41, 51;
►Muma 1970a: 10; ►Muma 1976: 7, 15; ►Muma 1989: 3, 6; Harvey
2001a: 198-199 [replacement name for
Datames Simon, 1879a]; ►Brookhart and Cushing 2004: 288; ►Brookhart
and Brookhart 2006: 301.
Eremoperna ►Roewer 1934: 555-557, figs. 320 b, i (synonymized by Muma, 1951: 51).
Eremospina ►Roewer 1934: 555, 556, 565, figs. 320 c, l (synonymized through transfer of type
species to
Eremobates by Muma, 1970a: 29).
Eremognatha ►Roewer 1934: 555, 556, 566, figs. 320 d, l (synonymized by Muma, 1951: 51).
Eremoseta Roewer ►1934: 555, 556, 569, figs. 320 e, l (synonymized by Muma, 1970a: 21).
Eremostata Roewer, ►1934: 555, 556, 571-572, figs. 320 (synonymized by Muma, 1951: 51).
Type species:
of Datames and
Eremobates: Gluvia cinerascens C.L. Koch 1842, by subsequent
designation of Pocock (1902c): 59 [see Harvey 2001a: 198-199] [see
Eremobates cinerascens (C.L.Koch)].
of Eremoperna: Datames affinis Kraepelin 1899b, by original
designation [see Eremobates affinis (Kraepelin)].
of Eremospina: Gluvia tolteca Pocock 1895a, by original
designation [see Eremobates tolteca (Pocock)].
of Eremognatha: Datames tuberculatus Kraepelin 1899b, by
original designation [see Eremobates tuberculatus (Kraepelin)].
of Eremoseta: Eremoseta titschacki Roewer 1934, by original
designation [see Eremobates titschacki (Roewer)].
of Eremostata: Gluvia cinerascens C.L. Koch 1842, by
original designation [see Eremobates cinerascens (C.L. Koch)].
Diagnosis: S
Original description:
Simon, 1879a: 133-135 (as Datames):
"Mamelon oculaire
garni en dessus el en avant de crins nombreux, irréguliers,
non soulevés. - Partie céphalique peu longue, obtusément trapézoide, en
ligne droite ou un peu arquée en avant, en ligne presque droite en arriere,
a cotes assez fortement obliques et convergeant en arrière, sans strie
longitudinale. - Chélicères de la femelle à crochet fixe en dessus, plus
court que la tige, arqué et pourvu d'une rangée de dente inégales
disposèes comme chez let Gluvia, seulement les deux dents principales
toujours séparées par deux denticules; chez le màle, le crochet fixe ausel
long que la tige, brusquement rétréci dès la base, droit, dépourvu de dents
et canaliculé en dessous à la base; dans les deux sexes, le fond da la pince
pourvu de deux rangées écartées de dents obtuses; les deux dents principales
du crochet mobile séparées par deux denticules, - Pas de peignés
stigmatatiques. - Patte-machiore
à tarse oourt soudé
au métatarse et immobile. - Pattes de la première paire à tarse long droit.
gréle, de moitié ou d'un tiers plus court que le métatarse. dépourvu da
griffes dans les deux sexes. - Griffes longues, gréles, g1abres, plus
courtes aux paires intermédiaires qu'à la quatrième, - Hanches de la
patte-máchoire et de la première paire réunies, presque aussi larges que
longues.
Ce genre est exclusivement propre à l'Amérique; il renferme toutes les
espèces anciennement décrites par T. Say et plus récemment par C. Koch, sous
le nom générique de Gluvia. Les deux groupes établis par C. Koch (in
Archiv. f. Naturg.) reposent sur un caractère sexuel, aussi les espèces du
second ne sont-elles pour la plupart que les femelles de celles du premier.
Le genre Datames a deux centres principaux: le premier aux États-Unis,
dans les montagnes Rocheuses et les régions du Pacifique: en Colorado,
Nevada. Utah et Californie; il n'a aucun représentant dans les réglone de
l'Atlantique, si ce n'est dans Texas. où a élé signalée une espèce mexicaine
(geniculatus). Il est à. remarquer que toutes les spèces des
Étals-Unis se reconnaissent de suite en ce que, chez les femelles, les deux
petites denticulations intermédiaires des chélicères sont parfaitement
isolées. - Le second centre est au Mexique, le genre Datames y est
représenté par des espéces généralement plus grandes, dont les deux petites
denticulations sont toujours implantées sur la antérieure de la
seconde dent principale. C. Koch a aussi
décrit deux Datames de
Colombie dont la provenance est pent--étre erronée, car, dans toute
l'Amérique du Sud et les Antilles, les Datames paraissent remplacés
par les Cleobis, et les Mummucia.
Les caractères
propres aux deux sexes, qui séparent
les Datames des
Gluvia, sont assez secondaires, mais d'une constance absolue: chez les
Datames, les deux dents principales des crochete des chélicères sont
séparees par deux denticules, tandis qu'll n'y, a qu'un seul chez les
Gluvia; le métatarse de la troisième paire porte en dessus une ligne de
cinq fortes épines ches les Datames, tandis que celui des Gluvia
n'en a que trois; mais les Datames s'éloignent de tous les
Galeodidae connus par l'éntrange conformation des chélicères du male,
dont le crochet fixe est inerme et droit, et dont le flagellum est remplacé
par un fort faisceau de crins; l'abdomen est dépourvu des épines
bacilliformes si caractéristiques chez les Gluvia."
Subsequent accounts:
Banks, 1900: 426:
"Our genera and
species may be tabulated as below.
1. Anterior margin
of
the cephalothorax rounded, sIoping
each side............... (Ammotrecha) 9 l
Anterior margin
truncate...............................................................................................(Eremobates)
22
***[key
continued]***
2
Eremobates, n.n. for Datames Simon (1879). not Stal (1875)."
Kraepelin 1901a: 117:
"Mit den Merkmalen der Unterfamilie.
18 sichere und 3 unsichere Arten.
Bei der grossen Verschiedenheit der ♂ und ♀ und bei der
Spärlichkeit des in den Sammlungen vorliegenden Materials ist erst für
veihältnismässig wenige Arten die Zusammengehörigkeit von ♂ und ♀ sicher
festgestellt. Es sind daher zahlreiche ♂ und ♀ gesondert beschrieben und
benannt, die sich voraussichtlich später als zusammengehörig erweisen werden.
Da überdies die ♀ der verschiedenen Arten, wie auch sonst bei den Solifugen,
eine weitgehende Übereinstimmung zeigen, so kann der nachfolgende
Bestimmungsschlüssel nur als erster Versuch gelten, die Hauptformen von
einander abzugliedern."
Pocock, 1902: 59:
"Leg
of first pair
without claw. Tarsus of legs furnished
beneath with distinct pairs of spines; tibia of second and third legs
furnished above with
five strong
spines arranged in a single
series,
and three or four pairs
of weaker
spines below. Mandibles with only
feebly developed
stridulating-ridges on
the anterior portion of
the smooth area on the inner
side of their appendages;
without any flagellum, and
with
the upper jaw
untoothed in
the male.
Type Gluvia cinerascens,
C. L. Koch.
Distribution.
Southern States of North
America and Mexico."
Roewer, 1934: 555, 556, fig. 320 a, h (as Eremobates Banks):
Genotypus: E. pallipes
(Say).
Eremobatinae, deren 2. und 3. Tarsus ventral mit jeweils 2.2 Dornen
und deren 4. Tarsus ventral mit 2.2/0/2 Dornen bewehrt ist (Abb. 320, a, h).
2 Arten, von der eine nur als ♂, die andere nur als ♀ bekannt ist.
Eremobates pallipes (Say 1823), Eremobates durangonus Roewer
1934
Abb. 320a. Ventrale Bedornung des 2.-oder 3. Tarsus von
Eremobates.
Abb. 320h. Ventrale Bedornung des 4. Tarsus von Eremobates.
Redrawn from Roewer 1934.
Roewer, 1934: 555-557, figs. 320 b, i (as
Eremoperna Roewer 1934):
Genotypus: E affinis (Kraepelin).
Eremobatinae, deren 2. und 3. Tarus ventral mit jeweils 4.6
Dornen und deren 4. Tarsus ventral mit 2.2.2/0/2.4 Domen bewehrt ist (Abb.
320, b, i).
4 Arten, von denen eine nur als ♀ bekannt ist.
Datames affinis Kraepelin 1899, Datames formidabilis Simon 1879,
Eremobates azteca Pocock 1902, Eremoperna mormona Roewer 1934
Abb. 320b. Ventrale Bedornung des 2.-oder 3. Tarsus von
Eremoperna.
Abb. 320i. Ventrale Bedornung des 4. Tarsus von Eremoperna.
Redrawn from Roewer 1934.
Roewer, 1934: 555, 556, 565,
figs. 320 c, l (as
Eremospina Roewer 1934):
Genotypus:
E. tolteca (Pocock).
Eremobatinae, deren 2. und 3.
Tarsus ventral mit jeweils 1.4.6 Dornen und deren 4. Tarsus ventral mit
2.2.2/0/2.4.6 Dornen bewehrt ist (Abb. 320, c, l).
Nur 1 Art.
Gluvia tolteca Pocock 1895
Abb. 320c. Ventrale Bedornung des 2.-oder 3. Tarsus von
Eremospina.
Abb. 320l. Ventrale Bedornung des 4. Tarsus von Eremospina.
Redrawn from Roewer 1934.
Roewer, 1934: 555, 556, 566, figs. 320 d, l (as Eremognatha Roewer
1934):
Genotypus: E.
tuberculatus
(Kraepelin).
Eremobatinae, deren 2. und 3. Tarsus ventral mit jeweils
2.2.2.4.6 Dornen und deren 4. Tarsus ventral mit 2.2.2/0/2.4.6 Dornen
bewehrt ist (Abb. 320, d, l).
3 Arten, von denen die eine nur als ♂ bekannt ist:
Datames tuberculata Kraepelin 1899,
Eremobates marginata Kraepeliu
1911, Eremognatha guenini
Roewer 1934.
Abb. 320d. Ventrale Bedornung des 2.-oder 3. Tarsus von
Eremognatha.
Abb. 320l. Ventrale Bedornung des 4. Tarsus von Eremognatha.
Redrawn from Roewer 1934.
Roewer, 1934: 555, 556, 569, figs. 320 e, l (as Eremoseta Roewer 1934):
Genotypus : E. titschacki
Roewer 1934.
Eremobatinae, deren 2. und 3.
Tarsus ventral mit jeweils 2.2.4.4.6.6.6 Dornen und deren 4. Tarsus ventral
mit 2.2.2/0/2.4.6
Dornen bewehrt ist (Abb. 320, e, l).
Nur I Art:
Eremoseta titschacki
Roewer 1934.
Abb. 320e. Ventrale Bedornung des 2.-oder 3. Tarsus von
Eremoseta.
Abb. 320l. Ventrale Bedornung des 4. Tarsus von Eremoseta.
Redrawn from Roewer 1934.
Roewer, 1934: 555, 556, 571-572, figs. 320 g, o (as Eremostata Roewer
1934):
Genotypus: E.
cinerascens (Koch).
Eremobatinae, deren 2. und 3. Tarsus ventral mit jeweils 2.4.4.6.6.6
Dornen und deren 4. Tarsus ventral mit 4.2.2.4.2.2.4/2/2.4.6 Dornen bewehrt
ist (Abb. 320, g, o). (Die ♀♀
aller bisher bekannten Arten haben
keine wahrnehmbaren Ctenidien an
den opisthosomalen Sterniten.)
7 Arten, von denen nur eine in beiden Geschlechtern bekannt ist.
Gluvia cinarascens Koch 1842, Eremostata
arizonica Roewer 1934, Datames sulfurea Simon 1879, Datames
caroliniana Kraepelin 1899, Datames californica Simon 1879,
Eremostata dinamita Roewer 1934, Datames scabra Kraepelin 1899
Abb. 320g. Ventrale Bedornung des 2.-oder 3. Tarsus von
Eremostata.
Abb. 320o. Ventrale Bedornung des 4. Tarsus von Eremostata.
Redrawn from Roewer 1934.
Muma, 1951: 51:
Small- to moderate-sized Eremobatinae. Fixed finger of males
with a mesoventral groove that extends the entire length of the finger.
Flagellum complex composed of a dorsal row of simple tubular bristles that
are sometimes striate and a ventral row of S-shaped, flattened, plumose
bristles that form an arch over the basal third of the mesoventral groove.
Apical, plumose bristle of ventral row straight and forming a parallel
covering for the apical two-thirds of the mesoventral groove. First post-spiracular
abdominal sternite of males with or without ctenidia on its posterior
margin. Mesal tooth of movable finger of males and females present or
absent. Genital opercula of females variable.
Muma, 1970a: 3, 10:
Leg I with 1 claw; large, robust, short legged species
Palpus with
or without
spinelike setae; when present. apparently not movable and not on metatarsus
and tarsus
Fixed finger
elongate and
needlelike or stylelike
Mesoventral groove of fixed ftnger extending
to base of finger; apical seta
of
flagellum-complex flattened and plumose
Muma 1986/Muma 1987
None of the new species assigned to this genus significantly
extend or alter the presently established generic characters.
Muma 1989: 3, 6
Mostly moderate-sized Eremobatinae. Fixed cheliceral
finger of males with mesodorsal or mesoventral groove extending the length
of finger. Dorsal setae of flagellum complex striate, ventral setae plumose;
apical striate seta not obviously modified but apical plumose seta
conspicuously flattened and covering part to nearly all of mesoventral
groove. Most females have the opercula broadly triangular in shape but
variable along mesal and posterior margins. Females of
palpisetulosus, aztecus, and
vallis
groups have opercula pitted and alate laterally but variable in size
and form. Fondal tooth formulae are no longer considered valid for genus or
group separation; they are subject to wear, especially by females.
Brookhart and Cushing, 2004: 288:
"Muma (1951) described the genus
Eremobates as small to medium
sized Eremobatidae with a mesoventral groove that extends the entire length
of the male fixed finger. The flagellum complex is composed of a
dorsal row of simple tubular bristles that are sometimes striate and a
ventral row of S-shaped, flattened, plumose bristles that form an arch over
the basal third of the mesoventral groove. The apical, plumose bristle of
the ventral row is straight and forms a parallel covering over the apical
two-thirds of the mesoventral groove. The first post-spiracular abdominal
sternite of males are with or without ctenidia. Genital operculum of female
variable. This description did not change in later works (Muma 1962, 1970,
1989)."
Notes:
Muma (1951), in a key to the genera of the subfamily Eremobatinae, based on males, attributed the following features to
Eremobates: Fixed finger of chelicera style-like; Mesoventral groove
of fixed finger extending to base of finger, small to moderate-sized
species. Muma (1976)
recognized the genus as valid and as a member of the family Eremobatidae,
and included the genus
in an annotated list of Western Hemisphere Solpugida. He reported at the
time that, "Although 58 names have been applied to species of
this large genus, only 36 are presently considered valid." Muma (1989) attributed the following features to Eremobates
in a key to the subfamilies and genera of the family Eremobatidae: Leg 1
with one claw; chelicerae about twice as long as wide; small to
large species; fixed cheliceral finger long, style-like or needle-like; mesoventral groove distinct, extending to base of fixed finger; apical plumose seta of male flagellum complex obviously enlarged and flattened covering part of mesoventral groove; some palpal
setae enlarged and spine-like; movable finger dentition normal or increased,
moderate-sized to large species. Brookhart and
Brookhart (2006) reproduced the Key to Subfamilies and Genera of
Eremobatidae (males only) previously published by Muma (19890, adopting the
diagnostic characters used to distinguish Eremobates. Muma
(1982) reported that Eremobates comprises both the greatest number of
species and the greatest number of individuals, often representing over 40%
of the solpugid population in an area.
Subordinate taxa:
Muma (1951) recognized four species groups within the genus Eremobates
(the scaber, palpisetulosus,
pallipes, and angustus groups), diagnosed them, and provided a
key to them (based on males). Muma (1970) later recognized five species-groups,
including all of the above, plus the monobasic aztecus group, which
he erected and diagnosed for the first time to include
Eremobates aztecus . He also provided an identification key, and listed 13
"nomina dubia" not assigned
to species groups:
Eremobates audax (Hirst), Eremobates californicus (Simon),
Eremobates carolinianus (Krraepelin), Eremobates caspari (Marx),
Eremobates constricta (Putnam), Eremobates dorsalis (Roewer),
Eremobates elongatus (C. L. Koch), Eremobates hystrix (Mello-Leitão,
Eremobates ingens Mello-Leitao, Eremobates praecox (C. L.
Koch), Eremobates subulata (Girard), Eremobates sulfureus
(Simon), and Eremobates tolteca (Pocock). Eremobates praecox
(C. L. Koch), originally described as Gluvia praecox C. L. Koch 1842, had
previously been treated as Biton praecox (C. L. Koch) by Roewer (1932), and
was associated with Eremobates for the first time by Muma (1970). It
was recently listed by Harvey (2003), in his
Catalogue of the Smaller Arachnid Orders of the World, as Biton praecox
(C.L. Koch).
Muma included the
same five species groups in his
annotated list of Western Hemisphere Solpugida, along with 12 unplaced
species (dropping Eremobates praecox (C. L. Koch) from his previous
list). Muma (1986, 1987) added new
species to the palpisetulosus and angustus groups, and
established a new monbasic species
group, the lapazi group, to accommodate the newly named Eremobates
lapazi Muma from the cape region of Baja California, Mexico, bringing
the total number of species groups to six. Muma (1989)
established another monobasic species group, the vallis group, to
accommodate a newly described species, Eremobates vallis Muma, from the
southwestern United States. Thus, currently recognized species groups
of Eremobates are the scaber, aztecus,
palpisetulosus, pallipes, angustus, lapazi, and
vallis groups, for which Muma (1989) provided identification keys (one based
on males, one on females). The monophyly of the groups has never been
tested, and the relationships between the groups have not been established. Muma (1989) reported
that in females of the palpisetulosus, aztecus, and vallis
groups, the opercula are pitted and alate laterally, but variable in size
and form. The fondal tooth formulae, he noted, are not valid for genus or
group separation, as they are subject to wear, especially in females.
Brookhart and Brookhart (2006) included six of the seven species groups in
their Annotated Checklist of Continental North American Solifugae, omitting
Eremobates vallis and the vallis group from the list without
explanation. The
current onstituency of the seven species groups is as follows:
Keys:
Muma
(1989) offered the following keys to the species groups of Eremobates
[illustrations have been added herein to facilitate use of the keys]:
Key to the species groups of
Eremobates
(based on males) from Muma (1989).
Figures added (redrawn from Muma 1951, 1970, 1986, 1989). |
|
1 |
Mesal groove of fixed cheliceral finger mesodorsal in position
aztecus group |
Mesal groove of fixed cheliceral
finger mesoventral in position
see couplet 4 |
|
2 |
Mesal groove broad both basally
and apically, occupying most of finger width
vallis
group |
Mesal groove narrow apically,
occupying less than half of
finger width
see couplet 3 |
|
3 |
Mesal groove not dilated basally
angustus group |
Mesal groove distinctly dilated basally
see couplet 4 |
|
4 |
Fixed cheliceral finger in dorsal view with a wide notch or off-set
scaber group |
Fixed cheliceral finger in dorsal view straight or at most slightly
sinuate
see couplet 5 |
|
5 |
Fixed finger with an ectodorsal, ridge-like
or tooth-like process near its base
palpisetulosus
group |
Fixed finger constricted near base
but without an ectodorsal tooth-like process
see couplet 6 |
|
6 |
Anterior tooth of movable
cheliceral finger present and normal; small species
pallipes
group |
Anterior tooth of movable
cheliceral finger absent or abortive; large species
l
lapazi
group |
Key to the species groups of
Eremobates
(based on females) from Muma (1989).
Figures added (redrawn from Muma 1951, 1970, 1986, 1989). |
|
1 |
Opercula widely separated posteriorly and/or slightly to distinctly
lobate at posterio-ectal angles and with a pair of distinct pits about
midway along ectal margins
see couplet 2 |
Opercula not or only moderately separated posteriorly; broadly
triangular in shape and without distinct pits midway along ectal margins
(except for E. mimbrenus Muma)
see couplet 4 |
|
2 |
Posteriomesal notch small and flat, occupying a minor portion of
opercular area, pits shallow
vallis
group |
Posteriomesal notch wide and long, occupying at least a third of
opercular area, pits deep
see couplet 3 |
|
3 |
Posteriomesal notch of opercula
smoothly flared or arched mesally
palpisetulosus
group |
Posteriomesal notch of opercula sinuate or weakly lobate mesally within
the notch
aztecus group |
|
4 |
Mesal margins of opercula lobate, bilobate or sinuate at or just
anterior to posteriomesal notch.
scaber group |
Mesal margins of opercula straight or evenly curved to the posteriomesal
notch
see couplet 5 |
|
5 |
Mesal margins of opercula divergent both anteriorly and posteriorly
angustus group |
Mesal margins of opercula parallel anteriorly although variously notched posteriorly
see couplet 6 |
|
6 |
Posterior mesal margins of opercula sinuate; posteriomesal notch
narrow and slot-like
lapazi group |
Posterior mesal margins of opercula straight or evenly curved;
posteriomesal notch variable in form
pallipes group |
|
