The Arachnid Order Solifugae

PHYLOGENY/TAXONOMY

Genus Rhagodalma
Genus Rhagodax
Genus Rhagodeca
Genus Rhagodelbus
Genus Rhagoderma
Genus Rhagoderus
Genus Rhagodes
Rhagodes aegypticus
Rhagodes ahwazensis
Rhagodes albolimbata
Rhagodes anthracinus
Rhagodes ater
Rhagodes aureus
Rhagodes buryi
Rhagodes caucasicus
Rhagodes eylandti
Rhagodes furiosus
Rhagodes karschi
Rhagodes leucopygus
Rhagodes massaicus
Rhagodes melanochaetus
Rhagodes melanopygus
Rhagodes melanus
Rhagodes metatarsalis
Rhagodes minor
Rhagodes nicotrae
Rhagodes persica
Rhagodes phipsoni
Rhagodes plumbescens
Rhagodes rothschildi
Rhagodes semiflavus
Rhagodes strandi
Rhagodes trambustii
Rhagodes zugmayeri
Genus Rhagodessa
Genus Rhagodeya
Genus Rhagodia
Genus Rhagodima
Genus Rhagodinus
Genus Rhagodippa
Genus Rhagodira
Genus Rhagodista
Genus Rhagoditta
Genus Rhagodixa
Genus Rhagodoca
Genus Rhagodolus
Genus Rhagodomma
Genus Rhagodopa
Genus Rhagodorimus
Genus Rhagodorta
Genus Rhagodospus
Genus Rhagoduja
Genus Rhagodula
Genus Rhagoduna

Genus Rhagodes Pocock 1897

Rhax Hermann, 1804: 13; CL. Koch, 1839: 6; CL. Koch, 1842: 354; CL. Koch, 1850: 97; Butler, 1873: 417; Simon, 1879a: 119-120; Simon, 1879c: 78.
Rhagodes Pocock, 1897b: 252; Kraepelin 1899a: 209-210; Pocock 1900b: 147-148; Kraepelin 1901: 31; Birula, 1905b: 269-270; Roewer 1933: 268; Birula 1938: 17-21; Roewer, 1960: 5 (replacement name for Rhax Hermann, 1804).
Rhagodella Roewer 1933: 286; Roewer, 1960: 7 (synonymized by Birula 1938: 34).

Type species:
of Rhax: Galeodes melanus Olivier, 1807 by subsequent designation of Pocock 1900b.
of Rhagodes: Galeodes melanus Olivier, 1807, by subsequent designation of Pocock 1900b.
of Rhagodella: Rhax melanopyga Walter, 1889, by original designation.

Distribution: Africa, Asia.

Original description [as Rhax] (Hermann, 1804: 13):

"."

Translation: .

Five species are included in the genus:

Subsequent accounts:

Roewer (1933a) restricted this genus to include those members of the famly Rhagodidae that lack ventral spines on the tarsi of legs 2 through 4.

The genus contains 27 species, one of which is divided into two subspecies:

Rhagodes aegypticus Roewer 1933

Rhagodes aegypticus Roewer 1933: 270; Zilch, 1946: 120.
Type locality: Cairo (as Kairo), Al Qahirah, Egypt.
Distribution: Egypt.

Rhagodes ahwazensis Kraus 1959

Rhagodes ahwazensis Kraus, 1959: 93, fig. 1.
Type locality: 20 km NE. of Ahwaz, near Tehran,
Tehran, Iran.
Distribution: Iran.

Rhagodes albolimbata Caporiacco

Rhagodes melanocephalus var. albolimbata Caporiacco, 1927: 61; Vanni, Bartolozzi and Whitman-Mascherini, 1988: 375.
Rhagodes melanocephalus albolimbata Caporiacco:Roewer 1933: 267.
Rhagodessa melanocephala var. albolimbata (Caporiacco): Moriggi, 1941: 279.
Rhagodella albolimbata (Caporiacco): Caporiacco,1944: 91-92.
Type locality: Harari Ven (as Ven), Somalia.
Distribution: Somalia.

Rhagodes anthracinus Pocock

Rhagodes anthracinus Pocock 1900a: 301; Kraepelin 1901: 36; Binda, 1926: 179; Roewer 1933: 267.
Type locality: Somalia.
Distribution: Somalia.

Rhagodes ater (Roewer)

Rhagodella atra Roewer 1933: 288; Roewer 1941: 109; Zilch, 1946: 119; Levy and Shulov, 1964: 103.
Rhagades ater (Roewer): Harvey, 2002: 454.
Type locality: Southern EI Ghor, Israel.
Distribution: Israel.

Rhagodes aureus (Pocock)

Rhax aurea Pocock, 1889b: 118-119, fig. 6.
Rhagodes aureus (Pocock): Kraepelin 1901: 38-39; Birula, 1905a: 414-415; Birula, 1905b: 271; Pavlovsky, 1932: 292, fig. 16; Roewer 1933: 270; Birula 1938: 22-24, figs 7a-b, 8-9, plate 3; Lawrence, 1956: 116; Roewer, 1960: 6; Gromov, 1998a: 180.
Rhagodes aureus aureus (Pocock): Birula, 1905b: 27l.
Rhagodes subaureus Roewer 1933: 270; Lawrence, 1953: 955 (synonymized by Birula 1938: 22).
Type localities:
of Rhax aurea: between Hari-rud Valley and Mashhad (as Meshed), Khartlsan, Iran.
of Rhagodes subaureus: Girdi-Chakh, Sistan (as "Seistan"), Sistan va Baluchestan, Iran.
Distribution: Afghanistan, Iran, Somalia,Turkmenistan.

Rhagodes buryi Pocock

Rhagodes buryi Pocock, 1903a: 217; Roewer 1933: 267.
Type locality: Dhala (as Dthala), DhaIa, Yemen.
Distribution: Yemen.

Rhagodes caucasicus Birula

Rhagodes melanopygus caucasicus Birula, 1905b: 276.
Rhagodella melanapyga var, caucasica (Birula): Roewer 1933: 287.
Rhagodes caucasicus Birula: Birula 1938: 27-29, figs 5b, 6, 11-13; Aliev, 1981: 10; Aliev and Gadzhiev, 1983a: 43.
Type localities: Kul'p, Armenia; and near Gyandzhi, Azerbaijan.
Distribution: Armenia, Azerbaijan.

Rhagodes eylandti (Walter)

Rhax eylandti Walter, 1889: 1101-1103, fig. 3; Birula, 1890b: 77-78.
Rhagades eylandti (Walter): Kraepelin 1901: 38; Birula, 1905b: 274; Pavlovsky, 1932: 292; Roewer 1933: 270; Birula 1938: 25-27, fig. 10; Gromov, 1998a: 180.
Rhagodes eylandti melanagaster Binda, 1905b: 274-275; Pavlovsky, 1932: 292 (synonymized by Birula 1938: 25).
Rhagodes birulae Roewer, 19.r 270 (svnonvmised by Birula 1938: 25). .,
Rhagodorta melanula Roewer 1933: 275 (synonymized by Birula 1938: 25).
Rhagodira transcaspica Roewer 1933: 280 (synonymized by Binda, 1938: 25).
Type localities:
of Rhax eyialldti: Dzhu-Dzhu-Klu Station, Karakumy, Mary, Turkmenistan.
of Rhagodes eylandti melanagaster: Edemi, Sistan, Sistan va Baluchestall, Iran.
of Rhagodes biruIae: Turkmenistan (as "Transkaspien") .
of Rhagodarta melanuIa: Turkmenistan (as "Transkaspien") .
of Rhagodes transcaspica: Ashkhabad (as Askabad), Akhal, Turkmenistan.
Distribution: Iran, Turkmenistan.

Rhagodes furiosus (C.L. Koch)

Rhax furiosa CL. Koch, 1842: 354; CL. Koch, 1847: 91-92, fig. 1480; CL. Koch, 1850: 97; Butler, 1873: 417; Simon, 1879a: 124; Moritz and Fischer, 1980: 142.
Rhagodes furiasus (CL. Koch): Kraepelin 1901: 34-35; Roewer 1933: 270; Roewer 1941: 101; Zilch, 1946: 120; Lawrence, 1953: 955.
Type locality: Arabia.
Distribution: Egypt, Libya.

Rhagodes karschi Kraepelin

Rhax termes Karsch, 1885: 136, fig. 6 (misidentification, in part).
Rhagodes karschi Kraepelin 1899a: 210-211; Kraepelin 1901: 39-40; Kraepelin, 1913: 189-190; Binda, 1926: 179; Roewer 1933: 270; Caporiacco, 1949a: 314-315; Weidner, 1959: Ill.
Type locality: Masai Steppe (as Massai-Steppe),
Arusha, Tanzania.
Distribution: Tanzania.

Rhagodes leucopygus Birula

Rhagodes leucopygus Birula, 1905a: 415-416; Birula, 1905b: 272. 294
Rhagodella Ieucopyga (Binda): Roewer 1933: 287.
Type localities: Sistan (as "Seistan"), Sistall va Baluchestan, Iran; Bampor, Sistan va Baluchestan, Iran; Makran, Sistan va Baluchestan, Iran.
Distribution: Iran.

Rhagodes massaicus Roewer

Rhagodes massaicus Roewer 1933: 270; Zilch, 1946: 120.
Type locality: Masai Steppe (as Massai-Steppe), Arusha, Tanzania.
Distribution: Tanzania.

Rhagodes melanochaetus Heymons

Rhagodes melanus melanochaetus Heymons, 1902: 15-18.
Rhagodes melanochaetus Heymons: Birula, 1905b: 272-273; Pavlovsky, 1932: 291, 296-297, figs 6,17; Roewer 1933: 270; Birula 1938: 32-34; Roewer 1941: 101; Zilch, 1946: 120; Lawrence, 1956: 116; Roewer, 1960: 5-6; Gromov, 1998a: 180.
Rhagodessa transcaspica Roewer 1933: 283 [junior secondary homonym of Rhagodira transcaspica
Roewer 1933]; Zilch, 1946: 121 (synonymized by Gromov, 1998a: 180).
Rhagodes grimmi Birula 1938: 30-32, plate 4 [replacement name for Rhagodessa transcaspica Roewer 1933].
Rhagodes grimmi septentrionalis Birula 1938: 32 (synonymized by Gromov, 1998a: 180).
Type localities:
of Rhagodes melanus melanochaetus: Krasnovodsk (as Krasnowodsk), Balkan, Turkmenistan.
of Rhagodessa transcaspica: Krasnovodsk (as Krasnowodsk), Balkan, Turkmenistan.
of Rhagodes grimmi septentrionalis: Mangistau, Mt Range, Kazakhstan (probably mislabelled, see Gromov, 1998a: 180).
Distribution: Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan.

Rhagodes melanopygus (Walter)

Rhax melanopyga Walter, 1889: 1103-11 09, fig. 4; Birula, 1893: 88; Faussek, 1906: 146-147, fig. 54; Berland, 1932: fig. 47.
Rhax howesii Bernard, 1893: 362-363, fig. 1 (synonymized by Kraepelin 1901: 39).
Rhagodes melanopygus (Walter): Kraepelin 1901: 39; Birula, 1905b: 275; Pavlovsky, 1932: 292, fig. 15; Birula 1938: 34-35, figs 4, Sa, 14; Gromov, 1998a: 180.
Rhagodella melanopyga (Walter): Roewer 1933: 287; Lawrence, 1954a: Ill.
Rhagodella melanopyga melanopyga (Walter): Zilch, 1946: 119.
Type localities:
of Rhax melanopyga: Karakumy (as "Hungersteppe"), N. of Ashkhabad,Akhal, Turkmenistan.
of Rhax howesii: Gekdepe (as Geogh Teppe), Akhal, Turkmenistan.
Distribution: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan.

Rhagodes melanopygus melanopygus (Walter)

Rhagodella melanopyga melanopyga (Walter): Zilch, 1946: 119.
Distribution: Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan.

Rhagodes melanopygus nigricans Birula

Rhagodes melanopygus nigricans Birula, 1905b: 275-276.
Rhagodella melanopyga var.nigricans (Binda): Roewer 1933: 287; Roewer 1941: 109.
Rhagodella melanopyga nigricans (Birula): Zilch, 1946: 120.
Type localities: Herrirud River, Kiafir-kala, Bechars, Khorasan, Iran; and Susangerd (as Susan Ruinen), Khazestan, Iran.
Distribution: Iran, Pakistan.

Rhagodes melanus (Olivier)

Galeodes melanus Olivier, 1807: 443, plate 42 fig. 5; Lamarck, 1838: 107; Lamarck, 1839: 301; Dufour, 1861 388,438-439.
Solpuga melana [sic] (Olivier): Audouin, 1826: 178-179, plate 8 fig. 9.
Solpuga melanus (Olivier): Audouin, 1829: 419-420, fig. 9; Gervais, 1844: 87, plate 27 fig. 2.
Rhax melas [sic] (Olivier): c.L. Koch, 1839: 7.
Rhax melanus (Olivier): c.L. Koch, 1842: 354; Simon, 1879a: 120-121; Simon, 1879c: 78; Simon, 1885c: 45; Walter, 1889: 1099-1100; Simon, 1899b: 85; Birula, 1890b: 76-77, figs l3-14.
Rhax melana (Olivier): c.L. Koch, 1847: 92-93, fig. 1481; c.L. Koch, 1850: 97; Butler, 1873: 417; Bernard, 1894a: fig. 1.
Rhagodes melanus (Olivier): Kraepelin 1899b: 376; Kraepelin 1901: 34; Birula, 1905b: 273; Birula, 1914: 662; Strand, 1914: 185-186; Roewer, 1932: figs 43, 50, 52-55, 72; Roewer 1933: 269-270; Zilch, 1946: 120; Cloudsley-Thompson, 1948: 809; Lawrence, 1953: 955; Levy and Shulov, 1964: 103.
Type locality: unknown.
Distribution: Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Tunisia.

Rhagodes metatarsalis (Roewer)

Rhagodella metatarsalis Roewer 1933: 288; Zilch, 1946: 120; Roewer, 1960: 7.
Rhagodes metatarsalis (Roewer): Harvey, 2002: 454.
Type locality: Herat, Herat, Afghanistan.
Distribution: Afghanistan.

Rhagodes minor Lawrence

Rhagodes minor Lawrence, 1956: 116-118, figs 1a-c; Roewer, 1960: 6.
Type locality: Pirzada, Kandahar, Afghanistan.
Distribution: Afghanistan.

Rhagodes nicotrae Caporiacco

Rhagodes nicotrae Caporiacco, 1939a: 115-116;
Moriggi, 1941: 276; Roewer 1941: 101; Vanni, Bartolozzi and Whitman-Mascherini, 1988: 375.
Type locality: Mogadishu (as Mogadiscio), Banaadir, Somalia.
Distribution: Somalia.

Rhagodes persica Kraepelin

Rhagodes persica Kraepelin 1899a: 211.
Rhagades nigriceps Pocock: Pocock 1900b: 150 (in part).
Rhagadella persica (Kraepelin): Roewer 1933: 287-288.
Type locality: Iran (as "Persien").
Distribution: Iran.

Rhagodes phipsoni (Pocock)

Rhax phipsoni Pocock, 1895b: 448-449, plate A fig. 3, plate B fig. 4.
Rhagades phipsoni (Pocock): Pocock 1900b: 152; Kraepelin 1901: 38; Kraepelin, 1908c: 211; Roewer 1933: 267.
Type locality: Trincomalee (as Trincomali), Eastern Province, Sri Lanka.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.

Rhagodes plumbescens (Walter)

Rhax plumbescens Walter, 1889: 1100-1101, fig. 2.
Rhagodes plumbescens (Walter): Kraepelin 1901: 36; Pavlovsky, 1932: 292, fig. 14; Roewer 1933: 267;
Birula 1938: 35-36, plate 5; Gromov, 1998a: 180.
Type locality: Ashkhabad (as Askhabad), Akhal, Turkmenistan.
Distribution: Turkmenistan.

Rhagodes rothschildi Pocock

Rhagodes rothschildi Pocock, 1903a: 216-217; Roewer 1933: 267.
Rhagodopa jemenensis Roewer 1933: 277; Zilch, 1946: 122 (synonymized by Birula, 1941:245-247,256).
Type localities:
of Rhagades rothschildi: Al Kabar (as El Kubar), Dhala, Yemen.
of Rhagodopa jemenensis: Yemen (as Jemen).
Distribution: Yemen.

Rhagodes semiflavus (Pocock)

Rhax semiflava Pocock, 1889a: 473-474; Pocock, 1895b: 450-451, plate B fig. 2.
Rhagades semiflavus (Pocock): Pocock 1900b: 149;/ Kraepelin 1901: 39; Roewer 1933: fig. 163e.
Rhagadella semiflava (Pocock): Roewer 1933: 287.
Type locality: Kohat, North- West Frontier, Pakistan.
Distribution: Pakistan.

Rhagodes strandi Caporiacco

Rhagodes strandi Caporiacco, 1939a: 116; Moriggi, 1941: 276; Roewer, 194" 101-102.
Type locality: Moga~is:1U (as Mogadiscio), Banaadir, Somalia.
Distribution: Somalia.

Rhagodes trambustii Caporiacco

Rhagodes trambustii Caporiacco, 1950: 385-386.
Type locality: Somalia.
Distribution: Somalia.

Rhagodes zugmayeri (Roewer)

Rhagodella zugmayeri Roewer 1933: 288.
Rhagodes zugmayeri (Roewer): Harvey, 2002: 454.
Type locality: Gwadar (as Gwadur), Makran, Baluchistan, Pakistan.
Distribution: Pakistan.

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